How long has that bar been there?

Disk galaxies often have a “bar” at their center. A rectangular shaped, often yellow-ish structure. We understand this is a bunch of the older stars in the disk moved from circular orbits to highly elliptical ones. 

NGC1300 the original barred galaxy. There are many like it.

Now this leaves us with a few questions: how often does this happen? That is something the GalaxyZoo project can help you with. That would give you visual classifications and those can be quite good. The other way to find out is to fit isophotes (lines of equal amount of light) to the galaxy. The Bar stands out as highly elliptical isophotes and the position angle of those ellipses radically changes at the edge of the bar. It leaves a clear signal. Like in the galaxy below. 

The isophotal method of bar detection. The ellipticity drops when outside the bar and the position angle goes all over the place (see at 10⁰) 

This brings me to this week’s paper: 

The Abundance and Properties of Barred Galaxies out to z∼ 4 Using JWSTCEERS Data

Yuchen Guo, Shardha Jogee, + CEERS team

[astroph]

Where the CEERS team looked at galaxies far away, as seen with the JWST. The benefit here is that we can do this exact analaysis to much greater distances and thus lookback times. This brings me to the other question: how long have galaxies had bars? That can be trickier to answer and there was quite a bit of disagreement with the early Hubble studies. I was impressed with these, cleverly using the above type of analysis on Hubble fields and calibrating the counts with local galaxy images to see how many bars had been missed. But Hubble has its limitations and beyond redshift z~1 would be too challenging for Hubble’s cameras and their wavelength range. 

To recap, one can find bars visually or with the isophotal technique. There have been many studies using Hubble and now a few with JWST to expand the range to much higher redshifts. The observational situation is as follows:

The fraction of bars of a population of galaxies observed with Hubble (small symbols, many different authors) and the few JWST studies and the two done by Gao+ in this paper. The visual and isophotal techniques agree pretty well and if JWST is to be believed, bars were already present in substantial numbers at z~1. This definitely pushed the appearance of bars up. 

Bars in the present day is ~40% of all disk galaxies. But as we look back over the last 10 Gyr, the fraction drops to 10% or so. What is amazing is that there seem to be bars already at z=3.5. Some have been reported even further! That would make bars something that could form much earlier and perhaps stick around for a much longer time than we thought? 

We are still not done though. Are these bars the same bars we see locally? Do they spin around the disk at similar speeds? Do bars from slowly at first and then a lot in the past 5 Gyr? Are bars just a phase or a longer, sustainable pattern in a disk? What is remarkable is what we can also see: a galaxy 1 Gyr after the Big Bang can have a bar in a disk. That pattern establishes itself early.